The colourless layers of anodic oxide formed in a process held in sulphuric acid baths, employing direct current under low temperatures are called "natural anodized layers".  It is possible to colourise these layers in chemical terms, using inorganic or organic compounds based paints.

Practices are generally for technical purposes. Very thick and hard anodic oxidation layers may be obtained depending on the material used and the intended area of use. Additionally, opaque and bright anodic oxidation coats can also be produced. 

As the anodic oxidation layer presents an extremely hard and thus highly anti-corrosive surface, it adds superior qualities to aluminium. Anodic oxidation coating provides high anti-corrosive properties to aluminium under a vast majority of conditions, as it is resilient against a variety of acids and other chemicals. The transparent structure of the anodised layer reveals the metallic appearance of aluminium, which fact makes it possible to apply a variety of mechanical or chemical processes on the surface of aluminium, to give it a bright or matte appearance .

Hard anodizing procedures are carried out for industrial applications. It is preferred particularly in a variety of engineering applications, where extremely hard surfacing layers with good anti-friction properties are sought on aluminium materials. Hard anodized oxide layers can have a thickness in a range of 25 to 150 microns.

 

Acidic zinc coating is used to provide coats with striking qualities, thanks to its brightness and homogeneity. Steel and forged parts can easily be coated using this technique. The process results in bright, soft and smooth coat surfaces. Coatings with high corrosion resistance are obtained through passivation process in yellow, black, blue and navy green colours and are proven best protectors for the underlying layers.

Zinc coats are the top choice of preference in many industries, ranging from building construction, fittings press and mechanical industries, led particularly by the car-making industry.

The coating plate obtained through the alkaline zinc coating process is smooth and shiny. The coat layer exhibits a perfect distribution.

•Excellent wrapping power and metal distribution

•Extremely bright and ductile coating with low stresses

High levels of thickness, applicability on hardened steel

Faster coating process, High Anti-Corrosive Properties and

Brightness resulting in a perfect coating that resembles an excellent passivation.

Passivation layer thickness ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 μm

•Contains 100% Cr⁺³

•Good wear resistance

•High thermal resistance

•Balanced yellowish/ silvery colour, a self-improving layer, high corrosion resistance and UV resistance.

*Yellow passivation procedures applicable on customer requests on the finished coat surfaces

Top coat preserves the chromate layer and is resistant against thermal shocks.

Top coat: A specially formulated organo-mineral liquid concentration developed to cope up with the increasing corrosion demands of the car-making industry, in coatings with electrolysed zinc and alloys.  İncreased corrosion protection to zinc and zinc-alloy electroplated surfacesassivate being utilized, it can provide corrosion protection of up to 480 hours to the formation of white ruCan provide protection against corrosion for up to 480 hours for white rust formation.

The Phosphating process is mostly applicable o ferrous materials.  Despite its relatively shorter protection against corrosion, it provides a perfect base for lubrication, waxing or painting procedures. It enchants the bonding and corrosion resistance ratings for paints It provides a surface to receive lubricants and other anti-corrosion protective measures. Cold shaping also forms a protective and slider layer. It enhances the rate of bondage of the paint Current practices cover applications on iron, zinc and manganese phosphate.

The lightweight of the coat layer and the thin crystal structure help alleviation of wear as well as amplifying the binding of protective lubricants on surfaces.

This is a thicker coat with larger crystal sizes compared to Manganese phosphate coats. Applied for the purpose of providing a surface suitable for receiving various organic / inorganic coating and paint layers, the zinc phosphate coats gain a preservative nature along with overlapping layers of lubricants. It makes positive contributions to the physical properties of the paint.  It increases impact resistance and flexibility.

Nickel coating procedures are most widely used for decorative and engineering purposes.

Nickel is perhaps the most frequently used material in electro-plating practices. The reason of this is associated with its excellent appearance, high corrosion resistance and the plenitude of hot melts obtainable through the coating process. Nickel is also used for decorative coating purposes due to its ability to add much features to the presentability of the coated material with its polished surface finishes and its high anti-corrosive properties.

Electroless Nickel Plating

This method is the top choice of preference in industrial applications due to Nickel's high hardness levels, superior wear resistance and features for welding and soldering, as well as to suitability for post thermal processes which further enhance the hardness and wear resistance of the material, in addition to the original high resistance shown by electroless nickel platings in both acidic and wearing media.   Among these features included are perfect wear and corrosion resistance, uniform coat thickness, ability to increase the hardness level by subjecting the material to annealing process when required and the ability to preserve expansion features with changes in temperature.

Tin coating is not the most desirable technique for use alone, due to its poor resistance qualities and relatively higher costs,

It is administered by hot dip submerging and electrolysis techniques on steels.

Thereby the mechanical resistance is obtained with steel, while corrosion resistance is guaranteed with tin. Furthermore

in addition to its being suitable for welding and soldering applications and its sliding features, its completely non-toxic content expands the marketability options of this material, expanding its area of use as a packaging material for the food and foodstuffs industry.  Tin is a soft metal with white appearance. As tin is self-resistant to wear and brings a nice appearance while preserving this property of its under atmospheric conditions, it is most frequently used to form a protective top coat cover on metals which have tendencies towards discolouration and wear, beyond decorative concerns.  Probably the best application of this coat currently is the covering of tin cans, which are meant to store food and drinks. Tin is highly resistant against food acids. Tin coats on such kinds of products will give a less porous and more homogeneous cover by facilitating lesser use of tin material. The cooling coils of refrigerators, dairy tools and instruments as well as all other parts that may get into contact with food are therefore covered with tin coats. Tin is also used to cover such ornamental items as hairpins, garment pins and etc. 

Does not oxidise upon contact with air, gives perfect electrical conductivity and lubricant properties, for which reason silver coating should be the choice of preference where work under overload is necessary with liquids and fluids of low lubricant characteristics or decorative concerns are high.  Basically developed for use in plating of cups, cutleries and dining sets, the silver coating technique has proven its suitability for a bunch of other decorative and functional applications, as well as for engineering and electrics - electronics applications. Silver has perfect electrical conductivity.  

Despite its fairly high anti-corrosive properties, copper blackens easily when exposed to open air outdoors, which in turn results in unwanted noisy stains on the overall texture, and therefore used only as an undercoat layer for multi-layered coating applications, in general.  Industrial processes may from time to time include or require the use of copper with a view to improve the durability of nickel and chrome coated car parts which are directly exposed to external factors.  Copper coatings have found their primary area of use in almost any applications, due to their ability to fill in and smooth surface irregularities, form a bright cover, protect the underlying metal content against corrosion and to show great inter workability and compliance with nickel and chrome coatings.  Both acidic and alkaline copper coating processes are available.

Preferred mostly in aeronautics and medical industries with an increasing popularity, due to its lightweight, high resistance versus its lightweight and thermal resistance up to 850 degrees according to Celsius Scale.  Most notable properties include protecting the metal against atmospheric corrosion, reduced friction on the surface and paint or pigment-free content, which enables colouration in literally all grades and shades of yellow, blue, red and green.